9129767 UYQA72T5 1 apa 50 date desc year Ricke 18 https://kricke.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%222ERRDLRW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWan%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Chen%2C%20C.-C.%20J.%2C%20Tilmes%2C%20S.%2C%20Luongo%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Richter%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20%282024%29.%20Diminished%20efficacy%20of%20regional%20marine%20cloud%20brightening%20in%20a%20warmer%20world.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02046-7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02046-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Diminished%20efficacy%20of%20regional%20marine%20cloud%20brightening%20in%20a%20warmer%20world%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chih-Chieh%20Jack%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simone%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tilmes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luongo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jadwiga%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-21%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41558-024-02046-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-678X%2C%201758-6798%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41558-024-02046-7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-12T17%3A58%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q8SCGVWY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20and%20Harding%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Harding%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20How%20may%20solar%20geoengineering%20impact%20global%20prospects%20for%20climate%20change%20mitigation%3F%20%3Ci%3EOxford%20Review%20of%20Economic%20Policy%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E39%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20828%26%23x2013%3B841.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Foxrep%5C%2Fgrad044%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Foxrep%5C%2Fgrad044%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20may%20solar%20geoengineering%20impact%20global%20prospects%20for%20climate%20change%20mitigation%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anthony%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harding%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20As%20disruptions%20from%20climate%20change%20increase%2C%20so%20will%20the%20urgency%20to%20find%20shorter-term%20approaches%20to%20ameliorating%20its%20harms.%20This%20may%20include%20calls%20to%20implement%20solar%20geoengineering%2C%20an%20approach%20to%20cooling%20the%20planet%20by%20reflecting%20incoming%20sunlight%20back%20to%20space.%20While%20the%20exact%20effects%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20are%20still%20highly%20uncertain%2C%20physical%20science%20to%20date%20suggests%20that%20it%20may%20be%20effective%20at%20reducing%20many%20aspects%20of%20climate%20change%20in%20the%20short%20term.%20One%20of%20the%20biggest%20concerns%20about%20solar%20geoengineering%20is%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20it%20may%20interfere%20with%20crucial%20emissions%20reductions%20policies%2C%20i.e.%20mitigation.%20There%20are%20multiple%20channels%20by%20which%20geoengineering%20could%20alter%20mitigation%20pathways%2C%20both%20financial%20and%20behavioural.%20Here%20we%20define%20three%20such%20linkages%20and%20present%20the%20evidence%20available%20to%20constrain%20their%20potential%20magnitudes.%20Because%20solar%20geoengineering%20is%20not%20a%20substitute%20for%20mitigation%2C%20policies%20to%20develop%20or%20implement%20technologies%20that%20could%20be%20used%20to%20carry%20it%20out%20should%20be%20designed%20to%20accentuate%20its%20complementary%20nature%20to%20mitigation%20and%20deter%20the%20possibility%20it%20is%20used%20to%20delay%20decarbonizing%20the%20economy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Foxrep%5C%2Fgrad044%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220266-903X%2C%201460-2121%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Foxrep%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F39%5C%2F4%5C%2F828%5C%2F7425305%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-14T18%3A13%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S295MYR9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shah%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShah%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BLenick%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20Wan%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Ramos-Valle%2C%20A.%2C%20Ash%2C%20K.%20D.%2C%20Wilhelmi%2C%20O.%20V.%2C%20Edgeley%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Molina%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Moulite%2C%20J.%2C%20Chunga%20Pizarro%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20Emard%2C%20K.%2C%20Cameron%2C%20O.%20Z.%2C%20Done%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Hazard%2C%20C.%20W.%2C%20Hopson%2C%20T.%20M.%2C%20Jones%2C%20M.%2C%20Lacey%2C%20F.%2C%20Lachaud%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Lombardozzi%2C%20D.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Williams%2C%20C.%20L.%20%282023%29.%20Connecting%20physical%20and%20social%20science%20datasets%3A%20challenges%20and%20pathways%20forward.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E5%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20095007.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F2515-7620%5C%2Facf6b4%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F2515-7620%5C%2Facf6b4%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Connecting%20physical%20and%20social%20science%20datasets%3A%20challenges%20and%20pathways%20forward%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sameer%20H%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cassandra%20R%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Lenick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%20S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramos-Valle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ash%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%20V%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilhelmi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catrin%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edgeley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Molina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moulite%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carlo%20Andre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chunga%20Pizarro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kelsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Emard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olivia%20Z%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cameron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Done%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cleo%20W%5Cu00f6lfle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hazard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hopson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Forrest%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lacey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mich%5Cu00e9e%20Arnold%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachaud%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Danica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lombardozzi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e9ndez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tormos-Aponte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20R%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wieder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%20L%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20integration%20of%20physical%20and%20social%20science%20data%20can%20enable%20novel%20frameworks%2C%20methodologies%2C%20and%20innovative%20solutions%20important%20for%20addressing%20complex%20socio-environmental%20problems.%20Unfortunately%2C%20many%20technical%2C%20procedural%2C%20and%20institutional%20challenges%20hamper%20effective%20data%20integration%5Cu2014detracting%20from%20interdisciplinary%20socio-environmental%20research%20and%20broader%20public%20impact.%20This%20paper%20reports%20on%20the%20experiences%20and%20challenges%20of%20social%20and%20physical%20data%20integration%2C%20as%20experienced%20by%20diverse%20Early%20Career%20Researchers%20%28ECRs%29%2C%20and%20offers%20strategies%20for%20coping%20with%20and%20addressing%20these%20challenges.%20Through%20a%20workshop%20convened%20by%20the%20National%20Center%20for%20Atmospheric%20Research%20%28NCAR%29%20Innovator%20Program%2C%2033%20participants%20from%20different%20disciplines%2C%20career%20stages%2C%20and%20institutions%20across%20the%20United%20States%20identified%20four%20thematic%20data%20integration%20challenges%20related%20to%20complexity%20and%20uncertainty%2C%20communication%2C%20scale%2C%20and%20institutional%20barriers.%20They%20further%20recommended%20individual%2C%20departmental%2C%20and%20institutional%20scale%20responses%20to%20cope%20with%20and%20address%20these%20integration%20challenges.%20These%20recommendations%20seek%20to%20inform%20faculty%20and%20department%20support%20for%20ECRs%2C%20who%20are%20often%20encouraged%5Cu2014and%20even%20expected%5Cu2014to%20engage%20in%20integrative%2C%20problem-focused%2C%20and%20solutions-oriented%20research.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F2515-7620%5C%2Facf6b4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222515-7620%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fiopscience.iop.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F2515-7620%5C%2Facf6b4%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T19%3A54%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223DFQLYQN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Polonik%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPolonik%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20Reese%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Burney%2C%20J.%20%282023%29.%20Air%20quality%20equity%20in%20US%20climate%20policy.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E120%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2826%29%2C%20e2217124120.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2217124120%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2217124120%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Air%20quality%20equity%20in%20US%20climate%20policy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polonik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burney%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20United%20States%20government%20has%20indicated%20a%20desire%20to%20advance%20environmental%20justice%20through%20climate%20policy.%20As%20fossil%20fuel%20combustion%20produces%20both%20conventional%20pollutants%20and%20greenhouse%20gas%20%28GHG%29%20emissions%2C%20climate%20mitigation%20strategies%20may%20provide%20an%20opportunity%20to%20address%20historical%20inequities%20in%20air%20pollution%20exposure.%20To%20test%20the%20impact%20of%20climate%20policy%20implementation%20choices%20on%20air%20quality%20equity%2C%20we%20develop%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20GHG%20reduction%20scenarios%20that%20are%20each%20consistent%20with%20the%20US%20Paris%20Accord%20target%20and%20model%20the%20resulting%20air%20pollution%20changes.%20Using%20idealized%20decision%20criteria%2C%20we%20show%20that%20least%20cost%20and%20income-based%20emission%20reductions%20can%20exacerbate%20air%20pollution%20disparities%20for%20communities%20of%20color.%20With%20a%20suite%20of%20randomized%20experiments%20that%20facilitates%20exploration%20of%20a%20wider%20climate%20policy%20decision%20space%2C%20we%20show%20that%20disparities%20largely%20persist%20despite%20declines%20in%20average%20pollution%20exposure%2C%20but%20that%20reducing%20transportation%20emissions%20has%20the%20most%20potential%20to%20reduce%20racial%20inequities.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-06-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2217124120%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%2C%201091-6490%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpnas.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2217124120%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%2C%228DZBN5S4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-13T00%3A28%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226JMNT9RN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-05-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20Wan%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Saenger%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lutsko%2C%20N.%20J.%20%282023%29.%20Hydrological%20Consequences%20of%20Solar%20Geoengineering.%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Earth%20and%20Planetary%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E51%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20annurev-earth-031920-083456.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-earth-031920-083456%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-earth-031920-083456%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrological%20Consequences%20of%20Solar%20Geoengineering%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saenger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lutsko%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22As%20atmospheric%20carbon%20dioxide%20concentrations%20rise%20and%20climate%20change%20becomes%20more%20destructive%2C%20geoengineering%20has%20become%20a%20subject%20of%20serious%20consideration.%20By%20reflecting%20a%20fraction%20of%20incoming%20sunlight%2C%20solar%20geoengineering%20could%20cool%20the%20planet%20quickly%2C%20but%20with%20uncertain%20effects%20on%20regional%20climatology%2C%20particularly%20hydrological%20patterns.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20recent%20work%20on%20projected%20hydrologic%20outcomes%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%2C%20in%20the%20context%20of%20a%20robust%20literature%20on%20hydrological%20responses%20to%20climate%20change.%20While%20most%20approaches%20to%20solar%20geoengineering%20are%20expected%20to%20weaken%20the%20global%20hydrologic%20cycle%2C%20regional%20effects%20will%20vary%20based%20on%20implementation%20method%20and%20strategy.%20The%20literature%20on%20the%20hydrologic%20outcomes%20and%20impacts%20of%20geoengineering%20demonstrates%20that%20its%20implications%20for%20human%20welfare%20will%20depend%20on%20assumptions%20about%20underlying%20social%20conditions%20and%20objectives%20of%20intervention%20as%20well%20as%20the%20social%20lens%20through%20which%20projected%20effects%20are%20interpreted.%20We%20conclude%20with%20suggestions%20to%20reduce%20decision-relevant%20uncertainties%20in%20this%20novel%20field%20of%20Earth%20science%20inquiry.%20%5Cu25aa%20The%20expected%20hydrological%20effects%20of%20reducing%20insolation%20are%20among%20the%20most%20uncertain%20and%20consequential%20impacts%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20%28SG%29.%20%5Cu25aa%20Theoretical%20frameworks%20from%20broader%20climate%20science%20can%20help%20explain%20SG%27s%20effects%20on%20global%20precipitation%2C%20relative%20humidity%2C%20and%20other%20aspects%20of%20hydroclimate.%20%5Cu25aa%20The%20state%20of%20the%20knowledge%20on%20hydrological%20impacts%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20is%20unevenly%20concentrated%20among%20regions.%20%5Cu25aa%20Projected%20hydrological%20impacts%20from%20SG%20are%20scenario%20dependent%20and%20difficult%20to%20characterize%20as%20either%20harmful%20or%20beneficial.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Expected%20final%20online%20publication%20date%20for%20the%20Annual%20Review%20of%20Earth%20and%20Planetary%20Sciences%2C%20Volume%2051%20is%20May%202023.%20Please%20see%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%5C%2Fpage%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fpubdates%20for%20revised%20estimates.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-05-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev-earth-031920-083456%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220084-6597%2C%201545-4495%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-earth-031920-083456%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%2C%22L968G3EJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T16%3A08%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3C7MY9Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bluhm%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBluhm%2C%20R.%2C%20Polonik%2C%20P.%2C%20Hemes%2C%20K.%20S.%2C%20Sanford%2C%20L.%20C.%2C%20Benz%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Levy%2C%20M.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Burney%2C%20J.%20A.%20%282022%29.%20Disparate%20air%20pollution%20reductions%20during%20California%26%23x2019%3Bs%20COVID-19%20economic%20shutdown.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Sustainability%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41893-022-00856-1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41893-022-00856-1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Disparate%20air%20pollution%20reductions%20during%20California%5Cu2019s%20COVID-19%20economic%20shutdown%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bluhm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polonik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kyle%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hemes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susanne%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morgan%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burney%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Minority%20communities%20in%20the%20United%20States%20often%20experience%20higher-than-average%20exposures%20to%20air%20pollution.%20However%2C%20the%20relative%20contribution%20of%20institutional%20biases%20to%20these%20disparities%20can%20be%20difficult%20to%20disentangle%20from%20other%20factors.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20the%20economic%20shutdown%20associated%20with%20the%202020%20COVID-19%20shelter-in-place%20orders%20to%20causally%20estimate%20pollution%20exposure%20disparities%20caused%20by%20the%20in-person%20economy%20in%20California.%20Using%20public%20and%20citizen-science%20ground-based%20monitor%20networks%20for%20respirable%20particulate%20matter%2C%20along%20with%20satellite%20records%20of%20nitrogen%20dioxide%2C%20we%20show%20that%20sheltering%20in%20place%20produced%20disproportionate%20air%20pollution%20reductions%20for%20non-White%20%28especially%20Hispanic%20and%20Asian%29%20and%20low-income%20communities.%20We%20demonstrate%20that%20these%20racial%20and%20ethnic%20effects%20cannot%20be%20explained%20by%20weather%20patterns%2C%20geography%2C%20income%20or%20local%20economic%20activity%20as%20measured%20by%20local%20changes%20in%20mobility.%20They%20are%20instead%20driven%20by%20regional%20economic%20activity%2C%20which%20produces%20local%20harms%20for%20diffuse%20economic%20benefits.%20This%20study%20thus%20provides%20indirect%2C%20yet%20substantial%2C%20evidence%20of%20systemic%20racial%20and%20ethnic%20bias%20in%20the%20generation%20and%20control%20of%20pollution%20from%20the%20portion%20of%20the%20economy%20most%20impacted%20in%20the%20early%20pandemic%20period.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41893-022-00856-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222398-9629%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%2C%22XSDDJ8II%22%2C%228DZBN5S4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-20T15%3A51%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KNSVNU8J%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Polonik%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPolonik%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Burney%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Paris%20agreement%26%23x2019%3Bs%20ambiguity%20about%20aerosols%20drives%20uncertain%20health%20and%20climate%20outcomes.%20%3Ci%3EEarths%20Future%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%2013.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020ef001787%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020ef001787%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paris%20agreement%27s%20ambiguity%20about%20aerosols%20drives%20uncertain%20health%20and%20climate%20outcomes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polonik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burney%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Anthropogenic%20aerosols%20are%20hazardous%20to%20human%20health%20but%20have%20helped%20offset%20warming%20from%20greenhouse%20gases%20%28GHGs%29%2C%20creating%20a%20potential%20regulatory%20tradeoff.%20As%20countries%20implement%20their%20GHG%20reduction%20targets%20under%20the%20Paris%20climate%20agreement%2C%20the%20co-emissions%20of%20aerosols%20and%20their%20precursors%20will%20also%20change.%20Since%20these%20co-emissions%20vary%20by%20country%20and%20by%20economic%20sector%2C%20each%20country%20will%20face%20different%20tradeoffs%20between%20aerosol-driven%20health%20or%20temperature%20co-benefits.%20We%20combine%20simple%20parameterizations%20of%20physical%20processes%20and%20health%20outcomes%20to%20examine%20three%20idealized%20climate%20policy%20approaches%20that%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%20targets%2C%20which%20%28i%29%20optimize%20for%20local%20air%20quality%2C%20%28ii%29%20reduce%20global%20temperature%20change%2C%20or%20%28iii%29%20reduce%20emissions%20equally%20from%20all%20domestic%20economic%20sectors.%20We%20evaluate%20aerosol%20impacts%20on%20premature%20mortality%20and%20global%20mean%20temperature%20change%20under%20these%20three%20policy%20approaches%20and%20find%20that%20by%202030%20the%20three%20policies%20yield%20differences%20of%20over%201%20million%20annual%20premature%20deaths%20and%20global%20temperature%20differences%20of%20the%20same%20magnitude%20as%20those%20from%20GHG%20reductions.%20We%20also%20show%20that%20implementing%20equal%20reductions%20between%20all%20economic%20sectors%20can%20actually%20result%20in%20less%20beneficial%20health%20and%20temperature%20outcomes%20than%20either%20of%20the%20other%20options%2C%20especially%20in%20less%20industrialized%20regions.%20We%20therefore%20conclude%20that%20aerosol-related%20co-benefits%20and%20aerosol%20accounting%20guidelines%20should%20be%20explicitly%20considered%20in%20setting%20international%20climate%20policy.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20We%20develop%20a%20new%20analytical%20approach%20to%20climate%20decision-making%20that%20centers%20the%20implications%20of%20anthropogenic%20aerosol%20particulate%20emissions%20on%20climate%20and%20human%20health.%20Aerosol%20emissions%20occur%20in%20tandem%20with%20greenhouse%20gases%20%28GHGs%29%20and%20vary%20by%20type%20of%20economic%20activity%2C%20so%20concurrent%20changes%20to%20aerosols%20from%20GHG%20reduction%20depend%20on%20what%20activities%20are%20reduced.%20We%20show%20that%2C%20by%202030%2C%20the%20different%20policy%20priorities%20can%20differ%20by%20more%20than%20a%20million%20premature%20deaths%20annually%20and%20could%20cause%20a%20similar%20amount%20of%20cooling%20as%20from%20the%20reduced%20GHGs%2C%20indicating%20that%20there%20are%20substantial%20tradeoffs%20between%20global%20climate%20and%20local%20air%20quality%20objectives.%20We%20conclude%20that%20deliberate%20consideration%20of%20particle%20emissions%20as%20part%20of%20climate%20policy%20could%20provide%20additional%20benefits%2C%20especially%20in%20less%20industrialized%20regions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020ef001787%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%2C%228DZBN5S4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PXDFAQBK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Harding%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHarding%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20Heyen%2C%20D.%2C%20MacMartin%2C%20D.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Moreno-Cruz%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20Climate%20econometric%20models%20indicate%20solar%20geoengineering%20would%20reduce%20inter-country%20income%20inequality.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13957-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13957-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Climate%20econometric%20models%20indicate%20solar%20geoengineering%20would%20reduce%20inter-country%20income%20inequality%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harding%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacMartin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moreno-Cruz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Exploring%20heterogeneity%20in%20the%20economic%20impacts%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20is%20a%20fundamental%20step%20towards%20understanding%20the%20risk%20tradeoff%20associated%20with%20a%20geoengineering%20option.%20To%20evaluate%20impacts%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20and%20greenhouse%20gas-driven%20climate%20change%20on%20equal%20terms%2C%20we%20apply%20macroeconomic%20impact%20models%20that%20have%20been%20widely%20applied%20to%20climate%20change%20impacts%20assessment.%20Combining%20historical%20evidence%20with%20climate%20simulations%20of%20mean%20annual%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%2C%20we%20project%20socio-economic%20outcomes%20under%20high%20anthropogenic%20emissions%20for%20stylized%20climate%20scenarios%20in%20which%20global%20temperatures%20are%20stabilized%20or%20over-cooled%20by%20blocking%20solar%20radiation.%20We%20find%20impacts%20of%20climate%20changes%20on%20global%20GDP-per-capita%20by%20the%20end%20of%20the%20century%20are%20temperature-driven%2C%20highly%20dispersed%2C%20and%20model%20dependent.%20Across%20all%20model%20specifications%2C%20however%2C%20income%20inequality%20between%20countries%20is%20lower%20with%20solar%20geoengineering.%20Consistent%20reduction%20in%20inter-country%20inequality%20can%20inform%20discussions%20of%20the%20distribution%20of%20impacts%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%2C%20a%20topic%20of%20concern%20in%20geoengineering%20ethics%20and%20governance%20debates.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-019-13957-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GPBA6N6E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%2C%20Drouet%2C%20L.%2C%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tavoni%2C%20M.%20%282018%29.%20Country-level%20social%20cost%20of%20carbon.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-018-0282-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41558-018-0282-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Country-level%20social%20cost%20of%20carbon%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drouet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ken%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Massimo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tavoni%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20social%20cost%20of%20carbon%20%28SCC%29%20is%20a%20commonly%20employed%20metric%20of%20the%20expected%20economic%20damages%20from%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29%20emissions.%20Although%20useful%20in%20an%20optimal%20policy%20context%2C%20a%20world-level%20approach%20obscures%20the%20heterogeneous%20geography%20of%20climate%20damage%20and%20vast%20differences%20in%20country-level%20contributions%20to%20the%20global%20SCC%2C%20as%20well%20as%20climate%20and%20socio-economic%20uncertainties%2C%20which%20are%20larger%20at%20the%20regional%20level.%20Here%20we%20estimate%20country-level%20contributions%20to%20the%20SCC%20using%20recent%20climate%20model%20projections%2C%20empirical%20climate-driven%20economic%20damage%20estimations%20and%20socio-economic%20projections.%20Central%20specifications%20show%20high%20global%20SCC%20values%20%28median%2C%20US%24417%20per%20tonne%20of%20CO2%20%28tCO2%29%3B%2066%25%20confidence%20intervals%2C%20US%24177%5Cu2013805%20per%20tCO2%29%20and%20a%20country-level%20SCC%20that%20is%20unequally%20distributed.%20However%2C%20the%20relative%20ranking%20of%20countries%20is%20robust%20to%20different%20specifications%3A%20countries%20that%20incur%20large%20fractions%20of%20the%20global%20cost%20consistently%20include%20India%2C%20China%2C%20Saudi%20Arabia%20and%20the%20United%20States.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41558-018-0282-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-6798%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NAI4HM42%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22MacMartin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMacMartin%2C%20D.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Keith%2C%20D.%20W.%20%282018%29.%20Solar%20geoengineering%20as%20part%20of%20an%20overall%20strategy%20for%20meeting%20the%201.5%20degrees%20C%20Paris%20target.%20%3Ci%3EPhilosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20A-Mathematical%20Physical%20and%20Engineering%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E376%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282119%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsta.2016.0454%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsta.2016.0454%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Solar%20geoengineering%20as%20part%20of%20an%20overall%20strategy%20for%20meeting%20the%201.5%20degrees%20C%20Paris%20target%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacMartin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Solar%20geoengineering%20refers%20to%20deliberately%20reducing%20net%20radiative%20forcing%20by%20reflecting%20some%20sunlight%20back%20to%20space%2C%20in%20order%20to%20reduce%20anthropogenic%20climate%20changes%3B%20a%20possible%20such%20approach%20would%20be%20adding%20aerosols%20to%20the%20stratosphere.%20If%20future%20mitigation%20proves%20insufficient%20to%20limit%20the%20rise%20in%20global%20mean%20temperature%20to%20less%20than%201.5%20degrees%20C%20above%20preindustrial%2C%20it%20is%20plausible%20that%20some%20additional%20and%20limited%20deployment%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20could%20reduce%20climate%20damages.%20That%20is%2C%20these%20approaches%20could%20eventually%20be%20considered%20as%20part%20of%20an%20overall%20strategy%20to%20manage%20the%20risks%20of%20climate%20change%2C%20combining%20emissions%20reduction%2C%20net-negative%20emissions%20technologies%20and%20solar%20geoengineering%20to%20meet%20climate%20goals.%20We%20first%20provide%20a%20physical-science%20review%20of%20current%20research%2C%20research%20trends%20and%20some%20of%20the%20key%20gaps%20in%20knowledge%20that%20would%20need%20to%20be%20addressed%20to%20support%20informed%20decisions.%20Next%2C%20since%20few%20climate%20model%20simulations%20have%20considered%20these%20limited-deployment%20scenarios%2C%20we%20synthesize%20prior%20results%20to%20assess%20the%20projected%20response%20if%20solar%20geoengineering%20were%20used%20to%20limit%20global%20mean%20temperature%20to%201.5%20degrees%20C%20above%20pre-industrial%20in%20an%20overshoot%20scenario%20that%20would%20otherwise%20peak%20near%203%20degrees%20C.%20While%20there%20are%20some%20important%20differences%2C%20the%20resulting%20climate%20is%20closer%20in%20many%20respects%20to%20a%20climate%20where%20the%201.5%20degrees%20C%20target%20is%20achieved%20through%20mitigation%20alone%20than%20either%20is%20to%20the%203%20degrees%20C%20climate%20with%20no%20geoengineering.%20This%20holds%20for%20both%20regional%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%20changes%3B%20indeed%2C%20there%20are%20no%20regions%20where%20a%20majority%20of%20models%20project%20that%20this%20moderate%20level%20of%20gee%20engineering%20would%20produce%20statistically%2C%20significant%20shift%20in%20precipitation%20further%20alway%20from%20preindustrial%20levels.%26%20para%3B%26%20para%3BThis%20article%20is%20part%20of%20the%20theme%20issue%20%27The%20Paris%20Agreement%3A%20understand%20ing%20the%20physical%20and%20social%20challenges%20for%20a%20warming%20world%20of%2015%20degrees%20C%20above%20pre-industrial%20level%27.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsta.2016.0454%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221364-503X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I8K3M74A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Millar%2C%20R.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20MacMartin%2C%20D.%20G.%20%282017%29.%20Constraints%20on%20global%20temperature%20target%20overshoot.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2014743.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-017-14503-9%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-017-14503-9%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Constraints%20on%20global%20temperature%20target%20overshoot%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Millar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacMartin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20aftermath%20of%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%2C%20the%20climate%20science%20and%20policy%20communities%20are%20beginning%20to%20assess%20the%20feasibility%20and%20potential%20benefits%20of%20limiting%20global%20warming%20to%201.5%5Cu2009%5Cu00b0C%20or%202%5Cu2009%5Cu00b0C%20above%20preindustrial.%20Understanding%20the%20dependence%20of%20the%20magnitude%20and%20duration%20of%20possible%20temporary%20exceedance%20%28i.e.%2C%20%5Cu201covershoot%5Cu201d%29%20of%20temperature%20targets%20on%20sustainable%20energy%20decarbonization%20futures%20and%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29%20removal%20rates%20will%20be%20an%20important%20contribution%20to%20this%20policy%20discussion.%20Drawing%20upon%20results%20from%20the%20mitigation%20literature%20and%20the%20IPCC%20Working%20Group%203%20%28WG3%29%20scenario%20database%2C%20we%20examine%20the%20global%20mean%20temperature%20implications%20of%20differing%2C%20independent%20pathways%20for%20the%20decarbonization%20of%20global%20energy%20supply%20and%20the%20implementation%20of%20negative%20emissions%20technologies.%20We%20find%20that%20within%20the%20scope%20of%20scenarios%20broadly-consistent%20with%20the%20WG3%20database%2C%20the%20magnitude%20of%20temperature%20overshoot%20is%20more%20sensitive%20to%20the%20rate%20of%20decarbonization.%20However%2C%20limiting%20the%20duration%20of%20overshoot%20to%20less%20than%20two%20centuries%20requires%20ambitious%20deployment%20of%20both%20decarbonization%20and%20negative%20emissions%20technology.%20The%20dependencies%20of%20temperature%20target%20overshoot%5Cu2019s%20properties%20upon%20currently%20untested%20negative%20emissions%20technologies%20suggests%20that%20it%20will%20be%20important%20to%20consider%20how%20climate%20impacts%20depend%20on%20both%20the%20magnitude%20and%20duration%20of%20overshoot%2C%20not%20just%20long%20term%20residual%20warming.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41598-017-14503-9%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222045-2322%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LWKM9LRK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Heutel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHeutel%2C%20G.%2C%20Moreno-Cruz%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20%282016%29.%20Climate%20Engineering%20Economics.%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Resource%20Economics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2099%26%23x2013%3B118.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-resource-100815-095440%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-resource-100815-095440%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Climate%20Engineering%20Economics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heutel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moreno-Cruz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20article%20reviews%20and%20evaluates%20the%20nascent%20literature%20on%20the%20economics%20of%20climate%20engineering.%20The%20literature%20distinguishes%20between%20two%20broad%20types%20of%20climate%20engineering%3A%20solar%20radiation%20management%20and%20carbon%20dioxide%20removal.%20We%20review%20the%20science%20and%20engineering%20characteristics%20of%20these%20technologies%20and%20analyze%20the%20implications%20of%20those%20characteristics%20for%20economic%20policy%20design.%20We%20discuss%20optimal%20policy%20and%20carbon%20price%2C%20interregional%20and%20intergenerational%20equity%20issues%2C%20strategic%20interaction%20in%20the%20design%20of%20international%20environmental%20agreements%2C%20and%20the%20sources%20of%20risk%20and%20uncertainty%20surrounding%20these%20technologies.%20We%20conclude%20that%20climate%20engineering%20technologies%2C%20similar%20to%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation%2C%20should%20be%20a%20fundamental%20part%20of%20future%20domestic%20and%20global%20climate%20policy%20design.%20We%20propose%20several%20avenues%20in%20need%20of%20additional%20research.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev-resource-100815-095440%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CMN6HA5P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kwiatkowski%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKwiatkowski%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282016%29.%20Atmospheric%20consequences%20of%20disruption%20of%20the%20ocean%20thermocline.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F10%5C%2F3%5C%2F034016%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F10%5C%2F3%5C%2F034016%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Atmospheric%20consequences%20of%20disruption%20of%20the%20ocean%20thermocline%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kwiatkowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Technologies%20utilizing%20vertical%20ocean%20pipes%20have%20been%20proposed%20as%20a%20means%20to%20avoid%20global%20warming%2C%20either%20by%20providing%20a%20source%20of%20clean%20energy%2C%20increasing%20ocean%20carbon%20uptake%2C%20or%20storing%20thermal%20energy%20in%20the%20deep%20ocean.%20However%2C%20increased%20vertical%20transport%20of%20water%20has%20the%20capacity%20to%20drastically%20alter%20the%20ocean%20thermocline.%20To%20help%20bound%20potential%20climate%20consequences%20of%20these%20activities%2C%20we%20perform%20a%20set%20of%20simulations%20involving%20idealized%20disruption%20of%20the%20ocean%20thermocline%20by%20greatly%20increasing%20vertical%20mixing%20in%20the%20upper%20ocean.%20We%20use%20an%20Earth%20System%20Model%20%28ESM%29%20to%20evaluate%20the%20likely%20thermal%20and%20hydrological%20response%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20to%20this%20scenario.%20In%20our%20model%2C%20increased%20vertical%20transport%20in%20the%20upper%20ocean%20decreases%20upward%20shortwave%20and%20longwave%20radiation%20at%20the%20top-of-the-atmosphere%20due%20primarily%20to%20loss%20of%20clouds%20and%20sea-ice%20over%20the%20ocean.%20This%20extreme%20scenario%20causes%20an%20effective%20radiative%20forcing%20of%20approximate%20to%2015.5-15.9W%20m%28-2%29%2C%20with%20simulations%20behaving%20on%20multi-decadal%20time%20scales%20as%20if%20they%20are%20approaching%20an%20equilibrium%20temperature%20approximate%20to%208.6-8.8%20degrees%20C%20higher%20than%20controls.%20Within%20a%20century%2C%20this%20produces%20higher%20global%20mean%20surface%20temperatures%20than%20would%20have%20occurred%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20increased%20vertical%20ocean%20transport.%20In%20our%20simulations%2C%20disruption%20of%20the%20thermocline%20strongly%20cools%20the%20lower%20atmosphere%20over%20the%20ocean%2C%20resulting%20in%20high%20pressure%20anomalies.%20The%20greater%20land-sea%20pressure%20contrast%20is%20found%20to%20increase%20water%20vapour%20transport%20from%20ocean%20to%20land%20in%20the%20lower%20atmosphere%20and%20therefore%20increase%20global%20mean%20precipitation%20minus%20evaporation%20%28P-E%29%20over%20land%3B%20however%2C%20many%20high%20latitude%20regions%20and%20some%20low%20latitude%20regions%20experience%20decreased%20PE.%20Any%20real%20implementation%20of%20ocean%20pipe%20technologies%20would%20damage%20the%20thermal%20structure%20of%20the%20ocean%20to%20a%20lesser%20extent%20than%20simulated%20here%3B%20nevertheless%2C%20our%20simulations%20indicate%20the%20likely%20sign%20and%20character%20of%20unintended%20atmospheric%20consequences%20of%20such%20ocean%20technologies.%20Prolonged%20application%20of%20ocean%20pipe%20technologies%2C%20rather%20than%20avoiding%20global%20warming%2C%20could%20exacerbate%20long-term%20warming%20of%20the%20climate%20system.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F10%5C%2F3%5C%2F034016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DUKSYAV2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Albright%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAlbright%2C%20R.%2C%20Caldeira%2C%20L.%2C%20Hosfelt%2C%20J.%2C%20Kwiatkowski%2C%20L.%2C%20Maclaren%2C%20J.%20K.%2C%20Mason%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Nebuchina%2C%20Y.%2C%20Ninokawa%2C%20A.%2C%20Pongratz%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Rivlin%2C%20T.%2C%20Schneider%2C%20K.%2C%20Sesboue%2C%20M.%2C%20Shamberger%2C%20K.%2C%20Silverman%2C%20J.%2C%20Wolfe%2C%20K.%2C%20Zhu%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282016%29.%20Reversal%20of%20ocean%20acidification%20enhances%20net%20coral%20reef%20calcification.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E531%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287594%29%2C%20362-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature17155%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature17155%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reversal%20of%20ocean%20acidification%20enhances%20net%20coral%20reef%20calcification%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Albright%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hosfelt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kwiatkowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclaren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mason%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nebuchina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ninokawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pongratz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rivlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schneider%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sesboue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shamberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Silverman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolfe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Approximately%20one-quarter%20of%20the%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20dioxide%20released%20into%20the%20atmosphere%20each%20year%20is%20absorbed%20by%20the%20global%20oceans%2C%20causing%20measurable%20declines%20in%20surface%20ocean%20pH%2C%20carbonate%20ion%20concentration%20%28%5BCO32-%5D%29%2C%20and%20saturation%20state%20of%20carbonate%20minerals%20%28Omega%29%281%29.%20This%20process%2C%20referred%20to%20as%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20represents%20a%20major%20threat%20to%20marine%20ecosystems%2C%20in%20particular%20marine%20calcifiers%20such%20as%20oysters%2C%20crabs%2C%20and%20corals.%20Laboratory%20and%20field%20studies%282%2C3%29%20have%20shown%20that%20calcification%20rates%20of%20many%20organisms%20decrease%20with%20declining%20pH%2C%20%5BCO32-%5D%2C%20and%20Omega.%20Coral%20reefs%20are%20widely%20regarded%20as%20one%20of%20the%20most%20vulnerable%20marine%20ecosystems%20to%20ocean%20acidification%2C%20in%20part%20because%20the%20very%20architecture%20of%20the%20ecosystem%20is%20reliant%20on%20carbonate-secreting%20organisms%284%29.%20Acidification-induced%20reductions%20in%20calcification%20are%20projected%20to%20shift%20coral%20reefs%20from%20a%20state%20of%20net%20accretion%20to%20one%20of%20net%20dissolution%20this%20century%285%29.%20While%20retrospective%20studies%20show%20large-scale%20declines%20in%20coral%2C%20and%20community%2C%20calcification%20over%20recent%20decades%286-12%29%2C%20determining%20the%20contribution%20of%20ocean%20acidification%20to%20these%20changes%20is%20difficult%2C%20if%20not%20impossible%2C%20owing%20to%20the%20confounding%20effects%20of%20other%20environmental%20factors%20such%20as%20temperature.%20Here%20we%20quantify%20the%20net%20calcification%20response%20of%20a%20coral%20reef%20flat%20to%20alkalinity%20enrichment%2C%20and%20show%20that%2C%20when%20ocean%20chemistry%20is%20restored%20closer%20to%20pre-industrial%20conditions%2C%20net%20community%20calcification%20increases.%20In%20providing%20results%20from%20the%20first%20seawater%20chemistry%20manipulation%20experiment%20of%20a%20natural%20coral%20reef%20community%2C%20we%20provide%20evidence%20that%20net%20community%20calcification%20is%20depressed%20compared%20with%20values%20expected%20for%20pre-industrial%20conditions%2C%20indicating%20that%20ocean%20acidification%20may%20already%20be%20impairing%20coral%20reef%20growth.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature17155%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N5XN8V5D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20and%20Caldeira%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282014%29.%20Maximum%20warming%20occurs%20about%20one%20decade%20after%20a%20carbon%20dioxide%20emission.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F12%5C%2F124002%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F12%5C%2F124002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Maximum%20warming%20occurs%20about%20one%20decade%20after%20a%20carbon%20dioxide%20emission%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20known%20that%20carbon%20dioxide%20emissions%20cause%20the%20Earth%20to%20warm%2C%20but%20no%20previous%20study%20has%20focused%20on%20examining%20how%20long%20it%20takes%20to%20reach%20maximum%20warming%20following%20a%20particular%20CO2%20emission.%20Using%20conjoined%20results%20of%20carbon-cycle%20and%20physical-climate%20model%20intercomparison%20projects%20%28Taylor%20et%20al%202012%2C%20Joos%20et%20al%202013%29%2C%20we%20find%20the%20median%20time%20between%20an%20emission%20and%20maximum%20warming%20is%2010.1%20years%2C%20with%20a%2090%25%20probability%20range%20of%206.6-30.7%20years.%20We%20evaluate%20uncertainties%20in%20timing%20and%20amount%20of%20warming%2C%20partitioning%20them%20into%20three%20contributing%20factors%3A%20carbon%20cycle%2C%20climate%20sensitivity%20and%20ocean%20thermal%20inertia.%20If%20uncertainty%20in%20any%20one%20factor%20is%20reduced%20to%20zero%20without%20reducing%20uncertainty%20in%20the%20other%20factors%2C%20the%20majority%20of%20overall%20uncertainty%20remains.%20Thus%2C%20narrowing%20uncertainty%20in%20century-scale%20warming%20depends%20on%20narrowing%20uncertainty%20in%20all%20contributing%20factors.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20benefit%20from%20avoided%20climate%20damage%20from%20avoided%20CO2%20emissions%20will%20be%20manifested%20within%20the%20lifetimes%20of%20people%20who%20acted%20to%20avoid%20that%20emission.%20While%20such%20avoidance%20could%20be%20expected%20to%20benefit%20future%20generations%2C%20there%20is%20potential%20for%20emissions%20avoidance%20to%20provide%20substantial%20benefit%20to%20current%20generations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F12%5C%2F124002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2267YDFV6E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kravitz%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKravitz%2C%20B.%2C%20MacMartin%2C%20D.%20G.%2C%20Robock%2C%20A.%2C%20Rasch%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Cole%2C%20J.%20N.%20S.%2C%20Curry%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Irvine%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Ji%2C%20D.%20Y.%2C%20Keith%2C%20D.%20W.%2C%20Kristjansson%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Moore%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Muri%2C%20H.%2C%20Singh%2C%20B.%2C%20Tilmes%2C%20S.%2C%20Watanabe%2C%20S.%2C%20Yang%2C%20S.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Yoon%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282014%29.%20A%20multi-model%20assessment%20of%20regional%20climate%20disparities%20caused%20by%20solar%20geoengineering.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F7%5C%2F074013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F7%5C%2F074013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20multi-model%20assessment%20of%20regional%20climate%20disparities%20caused%20by%20solar%20geoengineering%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kravitz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacMartin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Curry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Irvine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristjansson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Singh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tilmes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global-scale%20solar%20geoengineering%20is%20the%20deliberate%20modification%20of%20the%20climate%20system%20to%20offset%20some%20amount%20of%20anthropogenic%20climate%20change%20by%20reducing%20the%20amount%20of%20incident%20solar%20radiation%20at%20the%20surface.%20These%20changes%20to%20the%20planetary%20energy%20budget%20result%20in%20differential%20regional%20climate%20effects.%20For%20the%20first%20time%2C%20we%20quantitatively%20evaluate%20the%20potential%20for%20regional%20disparities%20in%20a%20multi-model%20context%20using%20results%20from%20a%20model%20experiment%20that%20offsets%20the%20forcing%20from%20a%20quadrupling%20of%20CO2%20via%20reduction%20in%20solar%20irradiance.%20We%20evaluate%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%20changes%20in%2022%20geographic%20regions%20spanning%20most%20of%20Earth%27s%20continental%20area.%20Moderate%20amounts%20of%20solar%20reduction%20%28up%20to%2085%25%20of%20the%20amount%20that%20returns%20global%20mean%20temperatures%20to%20preindustrial%20levels%29%20result%20in%20regional%20temperature%20values%20that%20are%20closer%20to%20preindustrial%20levels%20than%20an%20un-geoengineered%2C%20high%20CO2%20world%20for%20all%20regions%20and%20all%20models.%20However%2C%20in%20all%20but%20one%20model%2C%20there%20is%20at%20least%20one%20region%20for%20which%20no%20amount%20of%20solar%20reduction%20can%20restore%20precipitation%20toward%20its%20preindustrial%20value.%20For%20most%20metrics%20considering%20simultaneous%20changes%20in%20both%20variables%2C%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%20values%20in%20all%20regions%20are%20closer%20to%20the%20preindustrial%20climate%20for%20a%20moderate%20amount%20of%20solar%20reduction%20than%20for%20no%20solar%20reduction.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F9%5C%2F7%5C%2F074013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227JIHK5H9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20and%20Caldeira%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282014%29.%20Natural%20climate%20variability%20and%20future%20climate%20policy.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E4%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20333%26%23x2013%3B338.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE2186%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE2186%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Natural%20climate%20variability%20and%20future%20climate%20policy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Large%20ensemble%20climate%20modelling%20experiments%20demonstrate%20the%20large%20role%20natural%20variability%20plays%20in%20local%20climate%20on%20a%20multi-decadal%20timescale.%20Variability%20in%20local%20weather%20and%20climate%20influences%20individual%20beliefs%20about%20climate%20change.%20To%20the%20extent%20that%20support%20for%20climate%20mitigation%20policies%20is%20determined%20by%20citizens%27%20local%20experiences%2C%20natural%20variability%20will%20strongly%20influence%20the%20timescale%20for%20implementation%20of%20such%20policies.%20Under%20a%20number%20of%20illustrative%20threshold%20criteria%20for%20both%20national%20and%20international%20climate%20action%2C%20we%20show%20that%20variability-driven%20uncertainty%20about%20local%20change%2C%20even%20in%20the%20face%20of%20a%20well-constrained%20estimate%20of%20global%20change%2C%20can%20potentially%20delay%20the%20time%20to%20policy%20implementation%20by%20decades.%20Because%20several%20decades%20of%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20can%20have%20a%20large%20impact%20on%20long-term%20climate%20outcomes%2C%20there%20is%20substantial%20risk%20associated%20with%20climate%20policies%20driven%20by%20consensus%20among%20individuals%20who%20are%20strongly%20influenced%20by%20local%20weather%20conditions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE2186%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-678X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CYYSG9J3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Orr%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Schneider%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282013%29.%20Risks%20to%20coral%20reefs%20from%20ocean%20carbonate%20chemistry%20changes%20in%20recent%20earth%20system%20model%20projections.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F3%5C%2F034003%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F3%5C%2F034003%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Risks%20to%20coral%20reefs%20from%20ocean%20carbonate%20chemistry%20changes%20in%20recent%20earth%20system%20model%20projections%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schneider%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coral%20reefs%20are%20among%20the%20most%20biodiverse%20ecosystems%20in%20the%20world.%20Today%20they%20are%20threatened%20by%20numerous%20stressors%2C%20including%20warming%20ocean%20waters%20and%20coastal%20pollution.%20Here%20we%20focus%20on%20the%20implications%20of%20ocean%20acidification%20for%20the%20open%20ocean%20chemistry%20surrounding%20coral%20reefs%2C%20as%20estimated%20from%20earth%20system%20models%20participating%20in%20the%20Coupled%20Model%20Intercomparison%20Project%2C%20Phase%205%20%28CMIP5%29.%20We%20project%20risks%20to%20reefs%20in%20the%20context%20of%20three%20potential%20aragonite%20saturation%20%28Omega%20a%29%20thresholds.%20We%20find%20that%20in%20preindustrial%20times%2C%2099.9%25%20of%20reefs%20adjacent%20to%20open%20ocean%20in%20the%20CMIP5%20ensemble%20were%20located%20in%20regions%20with%20Omega%20a%20%3E%203.5.%20Under%20a%20business-as-usual%20scenario%20%28RCP%208.5%29%2C%20every%20coral%20reef%20considered%20will%20be%20surrounded%20by%20water%20with%20Omega%20a%20%3C%203%20by%20the%20end%20of%20the%2021st%20century%20and%20the%20reefs%27%20long-term%20fate%20is%20independent%20of%20their%20specific%20saturation%20threshold.%20However%2C%20under%20scenarios%20with%20significant%20CO2%20emissions%20abatement%2C%20the%20Omega%20a%20threshold%20for%20reefs%20is%20critical%20to%20projecting%20their%20fate.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20to%20maintain%20a%20majority%20of%20reefs%20surrounded%20by%20waters%20with%20Omega%20a%20%3E%203.5%20to%20the%20end%20of%20the%20century%2C%20very%20aggressive%20reductions%20in%20emissions%20are%20required.%20The%20spread%20of%20Omega%20a%20projections%20across%20models%20in%20the%20CMIP5%20ensemble%20is%20narrow%2C%20justifying%20a%20high%20level%20of%20confidence%20in%20these%20results.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul-Sep%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F3%5C%2F034003%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2247QU6KGN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Moreno-Cruz%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Caldeira%2C%20K.%20%282013%29.%20Strategic%20incentives%20for%20climate%20geoengineering%20coalitions%20to%20exclude%20broad%20participation.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F1%5C%2F014021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F1%5C%2F014021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Strategic%20incentives%20for%20climate%20geoengineering%20coalitions%20to%20exclude%20broad%20participation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moreno-Cruz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldeira%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Solar%20geoengineering%20is%20the%20deliberate%20reduction%20in%20the%20absorption%20of%20incoming%20solar%20radiation%20by%20the%20Earth%27s%20climate%20system%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20reducing%20impacts%20of%20anthropogenic%20climate%20change.%20Climate%20model%20simulations%20project%20a%20diversity%20of%20regional%20outcomes%20that%20vary%20with%20the%20amount%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20deployed.%20It%20is%20unlikely%20that%20a%20single%20small%20actor%20could%20implement%20and%20sustain%20global-scale%20geoengineering%20that%20harms%20much%20of%20the%20world%20without%20intervention%20from%20harmed%20world%20powers.%20However%2C%20a%20sufficiently%20powerful%20international%20coalition%20might%20be%20able%20to%20deploy%20solar%20geoengineering.%20Here%2C%20we%20show%20that%20regional%20differences%20in%20climate%20outcomes%20create%20strategic%20incentives%20to%20form%20coalitions%20that%20are%20as%20small%20as%20possible%2C%20while%20still%20powerful%20enough%20to%20deploy%20solar%20geoengineering.%20The%20characteristics%20of%20coalitions%20to%20geoengineer%20climate%20are%20modeled%20using%20a%20%27global%20thermostat%20setting%20game%27%20based%20on%20climate%20model%20results.%20Coalition%20members%20have%20incentives%20to%20exclude%20non-members%20that%20would%20prevent%20implementation%20of%20solar%20geoengineering%20at%20a%20level%20that%20is%20optimal%20for%20the%20existing%20coalition.%20These%20incentives%20differ%20markedly%20from%20those%20that%20dominate%20international%20politics%20of%20greenhouse-gas%20emissions%20reduction%2C%20where%20the%20central%20challenge%20is%20to%20compel%20free%20riders%20to%20participate.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan-Mar%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-9326%5C%2F8%5C%2F1%5C%2F014021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-9326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YJ7DETKG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Rowlands%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Ingram%2C%20W.%20J.%2C%20Keith%2C%20D.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Morgan%2C%20M.%20G.%20%282012%29.%20Effectiveness%20of%20stratospheric%20solar-radiation%20management%20as%20a%20function%20of%20climate%20sensitivity.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Climate%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E2%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%2092%26%23x2013%3B96.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE1328%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE1328%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effectiveness%20of%20stratospheric%20solar-radiation%20management%20as%20a%20function%20of%20climate%20sensitivity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowlands%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ingram%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morgan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22If%20implementation%20of%20proposals%20to%20engineer%20the%20climate%20through%20solar-radiation%20management%20%28SRM%29%20ever%20occurs%2C%20it%20is%20likely%20to%20be%20contingent%20on%20climate%20sensitivity.%20However%2C%20modelling%20studies%20examining%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20SRM%20as%20a%20strategy%20to%20offset%20anthropogenic%20climate%20change%20have%20used%20only%20the%20standard%20parameterizations%20of%20atmosphere-ocean%20general%20circulation%20models%20that%20yield%20climate%20sensitivities%20close%20to%20the%20Coupled%20Model%20Intercomparison%20Project%20mean.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20a%20perturbed-physics%20ensemble%20modelling%20experiment%20to%20examine%20how%20the%20response%20of%20the%20climate%20to%20SRM%20implemented%20in%20the%20stratosphere%20%28SRM-S%29%20varies%20under%20different%20greenhouse-gas%20climate%20sensitivities.%20When%20SRM-S%20is%20used%20to%20compensate%20for%20rising%20atmospheric%20concentrations%20of%20greenhouse%20gases%2C%20its%20effectiveness%20in%20stabilizing%20regional%20climates%20diminishes%20with%20increasing%20climate%20sensitivity.%20However%2C%20the%20potential%20of%20SRM-S%20to%20slow%20down%20unmitigated%20climate%20change%2C%20even%20regionally%2C%20increases%20with%20climate%20sensitivity.%20On%20average%2C%20in%20variants%20of%20the%20model%20with%20higher%20sensitivity%2C%20SRM-S%20reduces%20regional%20rates%20of%20temperature%20change%20by%20more%20than%2090%25%20and%20rates%20of%20precipitation%20change%20by%20more%20than%2050%25.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2FNCLIMATE1328%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221758-678X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22442CKTLA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moreno-Cruz%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMoreno-Cruz%2C%20J.%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Keith%2C%20D.%20W.%20%282012%29.%20A%20simple%20model%20to%20account%20for%20regional%20inequalities%20in%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20solar%20radiation%20management.%20%3Ci%3EClimatic%20Change%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E110%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20649%26%23x2013%3B668.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10584-011-0103-z%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10584-011-0103-z%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20simple%20model%20to%20account%20for%20regional%20inequalities%20in%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20solar%20radiation%20management%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moreno-Cruz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20present%20a%20simple%20model%20to%20account%20for%20the%20potential%20effectiveness%20of%20solar%20radiation%20management%20%28SRM%29%20in%20compensating%20for%20anthropogenic%20climate%20change.%20This%20method%20provides%20a%20parsimonious%20way%20to%20account%20for%20regional%20inequality%20in%20the%20assessment%20of%20SRM%20effectiveness%20and%20allows%20policy%20and%20decision%20makers%20to%20examine%20the%20linear%20climate%20response%20to%20different%20SRM%20configurations.%20To%20illustrate%20how%20the%20model%20works%2C%20we%20use%20data%20from%20an%20ensemble%20of%20modeling%20experiments%20conducted%20with%20a%20general%20circulation%20model%20%28GCM%29.%20We%20find%20that%20an%20SRM%20scheme%20optimized%20to%20restore%20population-weighted%20temperature%20changes%20to%20their%20baseline%20compensates%20for%2099%25%20of%20these%20changes%20while%20an%20SRM%20scheme%20optimized%20for%20population-weighted%20precipitation%20changes%20compensates%20for%2097%25%20of%20these%20changes.%20Hence%2C%20while%20inequalities%20in%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20SRM%20are%20important%2C%20they%20may%20not%20be%20as%20severe%20as%20it%20is%20often%20assumed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10584-011-0103-z%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220165-0009%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VWZGFHD5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ricke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERicke%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Morgan%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Allen%2C%20M.%20R.%20%282010%29.%20Regional%20climate%20response%20to%20solar-radiation%20management.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E3%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20537%26%23x2013%3B541.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fngeo915%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fngeo915%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Regional%20climate%20response%20to%20solar-radiation%20management%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morgan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Concerns%20about%20the%20slow%20pace%20of%20climate%20mitigation%20have%20led%20to%20renewed%20dialogue%20about%20solar-radiation%20management%2C%20which%20could%20be%20achieved%20by%20adding%20reflecting%20aerosols%20to%20the%20stratosphere%281-6%29.%20Modelling%20studies%20suggest%20that%20solar-radiation%20management%20could%20produce%20stabilized%20global%20temperatures%20and%20reduced%20global%20precipitation%284-6%29.%20Here%20we%20present%20an%20analysis%20of%20regional%20differences%20in%20a%20climate%20modified%20by%20solar-radiation%20management%2C%20using%20a%20large-ensemble%20modelling%20experiment%20that%20examines%20the%20impacts%20of%2054%20scenarios%20for%20global%20temperature%20stabilization.%20Our%20results%20confirm%20that%20solar-radiation%20management%20would%20generally%20lead%20to%20less%20extreme%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%20anomalies%2C%20compared%20with%20unmitigated%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.%20However%2C%20they%20also%20illustrate%20that%20it%20is%20physically%20not%20feasible%20to%20stabilize%20global%20precipitation%20and%20temperature%20simultaneously%20as%20long%20as%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20concentrations%20continue%20to%20rise.%20Over%20time%2C%20simulated%20temperature%20and%20precipitation%20in%20large%20regions%20such%20as%20China%20and%20India%20vary%20significantly%20with%20different%20trajectories%20for%20solar-radiation%20management%2C%20and%20they%20diverge%20from%20historical%20baselines%20in%20different%20directions.%20Hence%2C%20it%20may%20not%20be%20possible%20to%20stabilize%20the%20climate%20in%20all%20regions%20simultaneously%20using%20solar-radiation%20management.%20Regional%20diversity%20in%20the%20response%20to%20different%20levels%20of%20solar-radiation%20management%20could%20make%20consensus%20about%20the%20optimal%20level%20of%20geoengineering%20difficult%2C%20if%20not%20impossible%2C%20to%20achieve.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fngeo915%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221752-0894%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22UYQA72T5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-07T23%3A28%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Wan, J. S., Chen, C.-C. J., Tilmes, S., Luongo, M. T., Richter, J. H., & Ricke, K. (2024). Diminished efficacy of regional marine cloud brightening in a warmer world. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02046-7
Ricke, K., & Harding, A. (2023). How may solar geoengineering impact global prospects for climate change mitigation? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 39(4), 828–841. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grad044
Shah, S. H., O’Lenick, C. R., Wan, J. S., Ramos-Valle, A., Ash, K. D., Wilhelmi, O. V., Edgeley, C. M., Molina, M. J., Moulite, J., Chunga Pizarro, C. A., Emard, K., Cameron, O. Z., Done, J. M., Hazard, C. W., Hopson, T. M., Jones, M., Lacey, F., Lachaud, M. A., Lombardozzi, D., … Williams, C. L. (2023). Connecting physical and social science datasets: challenges and pathways forward. Environmental Research Communications, 5(9), 095007. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/acf6b4
Polonik, P., Ricke, K., Reese, S., & Burney, J. (2023). Air quality equity in US climate policy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(26), e2217124120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2217124120
Ricke, K., Wan, J. S., Saenger, M., & Lutsko, N. J. (2023). Hydrological Consequences of Solar Geoengineering. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 51(1), annurev-earth-031920-083456. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031920-083456
Bluhm, R., Polonik, P., Hemes, K. S., Sanford, L. C., Benz, S. A., Levy, M. C., Ricke, K. L., & Burney, J. A. (2022). Disparate air pollution reductions during California’s COVID-19 economic shutdown. Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00856-1
Polonik, P., Ricke, K., & Burney, J. (2021). Paris agreement’s ambiguity about aerosols drives uncertain health and climate outcomes. Earths Future, 9(5), 13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001787
Harding, A. R., Ricke, K., Heyen, D., MacMartin, D. G., & Moreno-Cruz, J. (2020). Climate econometric models indicate solar geoengineering would reduce inter-country income inequality. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13957-x
Ricke, K., Drouet, L., Caldeira, K., & Tavoni, M. (2018). Country-level social cost of carbon. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0282-y
MacMartin, D. G., Ricke, K. L., & Keith, D. W. (2018). Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5 degrees C Paris target. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2119). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0454
Ricke, K. L., Millar, R. J., & MacMartin, D. G. (2017). Constraints on global temperature target overshoot. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14743. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14503-9
Heutel, G., Moreno-Cruz, J. B., & Ricke, K. (2016). Climate Engineering Economics. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 8(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095440
Kwiatkowski, L., Ricke, K. L., & Caldeira, K. (2016). Atmospheric consequences of disruption of the ocean thermocline. Environmental Research Letters, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/034016
Albright, R., Caldeira, L., Hosfelt, J., Kwiatkowski, L., Maclaren, J. K., Mason, B. M., Nebuchina, Y., Ninokawa, A., Pongratz, J., Ricke, K. L., Rivlin, T., Schneider, K., Sesboue, M., Shamberger, K., Silverman, J., Wolfe, K., Zhu, K., & Caldeira, K. (2016). Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification. Nature, 531(7594), 362-+. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17155
Ricke, K. L., & Caldeira, K. (2014). Maximum warming occurs about one decade after a carbon dioxide emission. Environmental Research Letters, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124002
Kravitz, B., MacMartin, D. G., Robock, A., Rasch, P. J., Ricke, K. L., Cole, J. N. S., Curry, C. L., Irvine, P. J., Ji, D. Y., Keith, D. W., Kristjansson, J. E., Moore, J. C., Muri, H., Singh, B., Tilmes, S., Watanabe, S., Yang, S. T., & Yoon, J. H. (2014). A multi-model assessment of regional climate disparities caused by solar geoengineering. Environmental Research Letters, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074013
Ricke, K. L., & Caldeira, K. (2014). Natural climate variability and future climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 4(5), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2186
Ricke, K. L., Orr, J. C., Schneider, K., & Caldeira, K. (2013). Risks to coral reefs from ocean carbonate chemistry changes in recent earth system model projections. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034003
Ricke, K. L., Moreno-Cruz, J. B., & Caldeira, K. (2013). Strategic incentives for climate geoengineering coalitions to exclude broad participation. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014021
Ricke, K. L., Rowlands, D. J., Ingram, W. J., Keith, D. W., & Morgan, M. G. (2012). Effectiveness of stratospheric solar-radiation management as a function of climate sensitivity. Nature Climate Change, 2(2), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1328
Moreno-Cruz, J. B., Ricke, K. L., & Keith, D. W. (2012). A simple model to account for regional inequalities in the effectiveness of solar radiation management. Climatic Change, 110(3–4), 649–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0103-z
Ricke, K. L., Morgan, G., & Allen, M. R. (2010). Regional climate response to solar-radiation management. Nature Geoscience, 3(8), 537–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo915